/ɑr, /ɔr/, /ər/ minimal pairs and sentences

 Due to the cot-caught merger, words that used to be pronounced with /ɔ/ are now pronounced with /ɑ/. Consequently, there are no minimal pairs for /ɔ/ and /ɑ/. So we examine minimal pairs with their r-colored vowels. 

/ɑr, /ɔr/ minimal pairs

far, four

tart, tort

part, port

farm, form

barn, born

hard, hoard

barred bored

cart court

mart, mort

mar, more

impart, import

depart, deport

car, core

/ar/, /ər/ minimal pairs

far, fur

shark, shirk

star, stir

hard, heard

barn, burn

heart, hurt

cart, Kurt

dart, dirt

farm, firm

park, perk

/ɔr/, /ər/ minimal pairs

for, fur

store, stir

born, burn

short, shirt

form, firm

warm, worm

war, were

torn, turn

bored, bird

court, Kurt

dork, Dirk

pork, perk

course, curse 

hoard, heard

hoard, herd

former, firmer

accord, occurred

conform, confirm

course, curse

warrier (he who fights), worrier (he who worries)

/ɔr/ vs /ər/ vs /ar/ comparison sentences

Now that we learned /ɔr/, /ər/ and /ar/, we can pronounce the following tricky words confidently: ‘warm’ and ‘worm’. The key is to know that ‘warm’ has /ɔ/ sound, and ‘worm’ has /ə/ sound. 

warm - worm

Today is pretty warm. 

Birds eat worms. 

course - curse

Of course, you can go.

He cursed loudly when he hurt his foot.


These are comparison sentences with the r-colored vowels, /ɔr/, /ər/ and /ar/.

form - firm - farm

Please fill out the form. 

My decision is firm.

Old McDonald had a farm.


born - burn - barn

It was born in a burnt barn.  


hoard - herd - hard

She hoards old newspapers.

In an elephant herd, the elders walk in front.

It’s hard. 


These are some more r-colored vowel comparison sentences.

Our former boss was a bit firmer when it came to discipline.

It never occurred to me that the U.S. would sign the trade accord.

You have to conform to the rules. If you don't, that will confirm our doubts about you.

A language course should not teach students how to curse.

World wars shouldn’t not happen.

Worriers worry about another World War.

We need warriors, not worriers.

Worms thrive in warm weather.

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